John Ruskin (1819-1900) was an English art critic, social thinker, and philanthropist. He was one of the most influential figures of the Victorian era, with his writings on art, architecture, and society shaping European thought. Ruskin's work was instrumental in the revival of interest in the Middle Ages and Gothic architecture, as well as the establishment of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. He was also a major proponent of the Arts and Crafts Movement. Born in London and educated at Oxford University, he wrote extensively on art, architecture, and social issues. His works include "The Stones of Venice" (1851-3), "Modern Painters" (1843-60), and "Unto This Last" (1860). He was also a philanthropist who founded the Guild of St. George and advocated for education, with works like "Fors Clavigera" (1871-84) influencing the British school system.
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