Born on March 1, 1914, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Father was a construction worker and a sharecropper. Mother was a former schoolteacher. Family moved to Harlem when he was three years old. Graduated from Tuskegee Institute with a degree in music. Served in the U.S. Merchant Marine during World War II. Earned a master's degree in American literature from New York University. Died on April 16, 1994, at age 80.
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