The work explores the Roman dining customs, particularly focusing on the misconceptions surrounding their meals, especially dinner. It begins by establishing that the Romans primarily took one significant meal, referred to as _coena_, which was central to their social structure and economy. The author argues that the timing and nature of Roman meals were deeply influenced by their martial culture and the limitations of their agricultural resources. The narrative outlines a typical Roman day, emphasizing the early rising habits of citizens, which were dictated by the absence of artificial light and the need to maximize daylight for productivity. The text discusses the absence of breakfast as understood in modern terms, instead describing a meager morning meal called _jentaculum_, which consisted mainly of dry bread and minimal accompaniments. This meal was not substantial and was often taken standing, reflecting its low status in the hierarchy of meals. The author contrasts this with the concept of _prandium_, often misinterpreted as a significant meal but actually a light repast that few Romans partook in. The text critiques the translation of _prandium_ as "dinner," arguing that it was more akin to a snack or a mere placeholder before the main meal, which was _coena_. The work highlights the cultural significance of _coena_ as the primary meal of the day, characterized by hospitality, social interaction, and the consumption of animal food, thus serving as a cornerstone of Roman social life. The discussion extends to the evolution of dining practices over time, noting how the timing and nature of meals have changed in various cultures, particularly in England. The author reflects on how modern dining has become more civilized and less hurried compared to the Roman approach, which often involved a focus on efficiency and the necessity of sustenance rather than enjoyment. Throughout the text, the author employs humor and irony to critique both ancient and modern dining customs, suggesting that the Romans, despite their perceived barbarism, had a more sophisticated understanding of the social and cultural importance of meals than their contemporaries. The work ultimately serves as a commentary on the evolution of dining practices and the cultural significance of meals in shaping social interactions and identities.
By Thomas de Quincey · First published 1856 · Genre: Essays, Literary Criticism, Memoir