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THE FIRST INTRODUCTION OF THE JAHN GYMNASTICS INTO AMERICA.
The different systems or sorts of physical training which were brought forward for trial and the agencies which promoted its spread in the United States during the nineteenth century fall into three groups, centered about 1830, 1860, and the decade from 1880 to 1890. The first group includes Captain Alden Partridge and his military academies; [189] the introduction of the Jahn gymnastics and the opening of school, college, and city or public outdoor gymnasia under the direction of the German refugees Beck, Follen, and Lieber; the attempt to provide manual labor as a system of exercise in educational institutions; [190] and the use of "calisthenics" for girls and women, by Catharine Beecher in her schools in Hartford and Cincinnati.[191] Space limits have prevented the discussion of any but the second member of this group in the present volume.